2025년 5급 공채 행정 2차 영어

인터넷은 현대 삶에서 중요하다. 지난 수십 년 동안 발달해온 인터넷은 인터넷을 발명한 사람들이 상상할 수 없을 만한 속도와 범위로 진화해왔다. 매일 거의 삼천억 개의 이메일 메시지가 전송된다. 인터넷 덕분에 수십억 명의 사용자들은 엄청난 속도로 거대한 양의 데이터와 정보를 주고받을 수 있다. 지형과 거리는 전혀 문제가 되지 않는다.
사이버공간과 관련된 기술은 건설적인 측면과 파괴적인 측면을 갖고 있지만, 어떤 종류의 행위가 어떤 측면에 속하는지에 대한 국제적인 합의는 없다. 우리가 아는 것은 인터넷이 정보와 커뮤니케이션의 전 세계적인 흐름을 촉진하면서, 대부분의 경우에는 순조롭게 기능한다는 것이다. 그렇지만, 우리는 인터넷이 돈과 지적 재산을 훔치고, 신원을 위태롭게 하고, 개인과 회사의 프라이버시를 침해하고, 정치적 과정에 영향을 주는 데에 사용될 수 있다는 것을 안다. 또한, 연결성과 개방성은 이 시스템을 취약하게 만든다. 더욱이 수십억 개의 센서와 장치가 사물 인터넷을 통해 서로 연결됨에 따라 새로운 약점과 복잡함이 생겨나고 있다.

Across the globe, cities are increasingly struggling with extreme heat events caused by accelerating climate change. Heatwaves are becoming longer, more frequent, and more dangerous, posing serious challenges for urban infrastructure and public health. While many still view summer heat as a seasonal norm, scientists and urban planners warn that rising temperatures are placing immense pressure on cities that were originally built for cooler climates.
Urban areas are especially vulnerable due to the heat island effect, where human-made materials such as asphalt and concrete trap and radiate heat. This results in urban temperatures being significantly higher than surrounding rural areas. The consequences are severe: elevated risks of heatstroke, worsened air pollution, and increased mortality among vulnerable populations, including the elderly and those with chronic illnesses.
Although air conditioning may offer temporary relief, it is not a sustainable long-term solution. It increases energy consumption and can overload power grids, even in developed nations. In many low-income communities, it is also financially out of reach. Moreover, air conditioning units release heat into the surrounding environment, exacerbating the very problem they aim to solve.
To effectively address urban heat risks, cities must prioritize prevention over reaction. Strategies include installing reflective white roofs, using sun-blocking shades, planting more trees to create shade and improve air quality, and designing buildings that promote natural ventilation. Public transportation systems must be adapted to withstand high temperatures, and emergency response plans should be strengthened. Ultimately, cities will need integrated heat resilience frameworks that bring together government agencies, private developers, and communities to ensure that urban environments remain livable in a warming world.

Nearly 40 researchers signed “The New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness.” The new declaration says there is “strong scientific support” that birds and mammals have conscious experience and a “realistic possibility” of consciousness for all vertebrates—including reptiles, amphibians and fish.
There is not a standard definition for animal sentience or consciousness, but generally the terms denote an ability to have subjective experiences: to sense and map the outside world, to have capacity for feelings like joy or pain. In some cases, it can mean that animals possess a level of self-awareness.
In that sense, the new declaration bucks years of historical science orthodoxy. In the 17th century, the French philosopher René Descartes argued that animals were merely “material automata”—lacking souls or consciousness.
“Descartes believed that animals can’t feel or can’t suffer,” said Rajesh Reddy, an assistant professor and director of the animal law program at Lewis & Clark College. “To feel compassion for them, or empathy for them, was somewhat silly or anthropomorphizing.”
In the early 20th century, prominent behavioral psychologists promoted the idea that science should only study observable behavior in animals rather than emotions or subjective experiences. But beginning in the 1960s, scientists started to reconsider. Research began to focus on animal cognition, primarily among other primates.
Jonathan Birch, a principal investigator on the Foundations of Animal Sentient project, said, “the new declaration attempts to crystallize a new emerging consensus that rejects the view of 100 years ago that we have no way of studying these questions scientifically.”
Indeed, a surge of recent findings underpin the new declaration. Scientists are developing new cognition tests and trying pre-existing tests on a wider range of species, with some surprises.
Scientists’ changing understanding of animal sentience could have implications for U.S. law, which does not classify animals as sentient on a federal level, according to Reddy. Instead, laws pertaining to animals focus primarily on conservation, agriculture or their treatment by zoos, research laboratories and pet retailers.
“The law is a very slow-moving vehicle and it really follows societal views on a lot of these issues,” Reddy said. “This new declaration, and other means of getting the public to appreciate that animals are not just biological automatons, can create a groundswell of support for raising protections.”