2020년 5급 공채 행정 2차 영어

다음 글을 영어로 옮기시오. (30점)
오늘날 도시정책의 수립과 실행 과정에서 주민참여의 중요성은 사회적 갈등을 줄이고 주민의 협력을 이끌어 낼 수 있다는 점에서 보다 강조되고 있다. 많은 행정학자들은 주민참여를 배제한 ‘지방행정’은 가능할 수 있지만 이는 ‘지방자치’는 될 수 없다고 주장하며, 도시정책을 통해 삶의 질을 높이기 위해서는 주민참여가 필수적이어야 한다고 강조한다. 그들은 또한 지역주민들은 공식적인 권한을 가지고 있지는 않으나 주민참여를 통하여 자신들의 삶과 관계있는 정책의 의사결정과정에 직․간접적으로 영향을 미치고, 이를 통하여 지역행정에 있어 거버넌스의 기능으로 작동할 수 있다고 주장한다. 또한 주민참여는 민주적인 정부의 정책결정 활동의 적절성을 평가하는 데 있어 중요한 평가 기준이 되고 있다. 서울시 도시재생사업은 과거에는 행정 및 도시계획전문가에 의한 도시개발전략에 의존했었다. 그러나 현재 이 사업은 지역주민 스스로가 삶의 공간을 만들고 지역문제를 해결하는 ‘주민참여형’으로 전환되었다. 주민의 참여는 사업과정의 필수적인 요소일 뿐만 아니라 궁극적인 목표로서 강조되고 있다.

다음 글을 우리말로 옮기시오. (30점)
Antarctica is this planet’s only continent wholly protected from mining and other economic activity, save tourism―a place where nature, not commerce, rules. But protection ends at the water’s edge. While the land mass itself is pretty much a biological desert, Antarctic waters are full of life, especially krill, which has drawn the attention of international fishing fleets over the past decade. In fact, the Antarctic Ocean is one of the most intact marine ecosystems on the planet, and one of the most fragile. Now is the time to protect it for good.
The United States and New Zealand have put forward excellent proposals to create two major marine reserves. The proposals are under discussion at a meeting of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (the international body that governs Antarctic waters) now under way in Bremerhaven, Germany. The proposals would protect some 600,000 square miles of ocean in the Ross Sea and an additional 733,000 square miles off the East Antarctic coast. All told, these marine reserves, where fishing would be prohibited, are about the size of all the marine reserves created so far around the world.
The biggest obstacle is Russia, which has expressed resistance to these reserves. It is joined by Ukraine, China, Japan and South Korea. Their hope is to manage fishing in the Antarctic much as it is managed elsewhere, with limits and restrictions. But the state of fisheries around the globe makes it clear that the most effective antidote to declining fish populations is the creation of totally protected marine reserves.
The U.S. government has expressed strong support for the idea of such protections in Antarctica, and many delegates to the Bremerhaven meeting are hopeful that sooner or later the Russians and other opponents can be brought on board. But when it comes to protecting ecosystems, sooner or later often means later, which often means too late. The time to protect the Antarctic Ocean is now.

다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. (총 40점)
Academic debate on AI has tended to be polarized between skeptics and fanciful futurists. Yet, for those who remain skeptical of AI, bear in mind that Google, Toyota, Facebook, Microsoft, and other companies are together pouring billions of dollars into AI and robotics research, which they see as the next frontier for profits.
The first wave of AI is already beginning to pervade our lives inconspicuously from speech recognition and search engines to image classification. Self-driving cars and applications in health care are within sight, and subsequent waves could transform vast sectors of the economy, science, and society. These will definitely offer substantial benefits.
As AI converges with progress in robotics, cloud computing, and precision manufacturing, tipping points will arise at which significant technological changes are likely to occur very quickly. Crucially, advances in robot vision and hearing, combined with AI, are allowing robots to better perceive their environments. This could lead to an explosion of intelligent robot applications―including those in which robots will work efficiently with humans.
Many experts worry that AI and robots are now set to replace repetitive but skilled jobs that had been thought to be beyond machines. The specter of permanent mass unemployment and increased inequality that hits hardest along lines of class, race, and gender is perhaps all too real. Historically, however, automation in agriculture and industry has caused mass extinctions of jobs and led to profound societal changes―including rapid urbanization. But job losses have typically been more than compensated for by jobs created in the service and high-tech industries.
Undoubtedly, efforts to accelerate AI research must be accompanied by safeguards against the potential pitfalls of AI and its other related powerful technologies. A society dependent on AI may yield broad benefits if increased wealth resulting from gains in productivity is shared. But currently, most such benefits are concentrated in big corporations and the capital of their shareholders―including the infamous 1%.