2018년 5급 공채 행정 2차 영어

다음 글을 영어로 옮기시오. (30점)
감정은 일차적 감정과 이차적 감정의 서로 다른 두 가지 유형으로 구분될 수 있다. 일차적 감정은 사람과 동물이 함께 공유한다고 인식되는 것들로서, 기쁨, 놀라움, 두려움, 슬픔이 그 예이다. 이차적 감정은 더욱 복잡하고, 인간만이 가진 것으로 간주되며, 인간과 동물을 구별하기 위해 사용된다. 예를 들면, 감탄, 희망, 분노, 우울감 등이다.
하위인간화(infrahumanization)란 인간 특유의 이차적 감정을 자신이나 자신이 속한 집단보다 다른 사람이나 다른 집단이 더 적게 가지고 있다고 생각하는 성향을 말한다. 따라서 하위인간화는 다른 사람을 비인간화하는 과정을 뜻한다.
하위인간화에 대한 이해가 중요한 이유는 그것이 특정한 사회집단 구성원들을 모질게 대하는 것을 정당화하기 위해 사용될 수 있기 때문이다. 만약 한 집단의 사람들이 ‘인간보다 열등하다’고 여겨진다면 그들에게는 다른 사람과 동등한 권리가 부여되어서는 안 된다고 주장될 수 있다. 하위인간화가 특정 소수 민족들에게 적용되어온 상이한 방식뿐만 아니라, 이러한 과정이 어떻게 극악한 형태의 차별을 정당화하는 데 쓰일 수 있는지를 입증하는 증거가 점차 늘어나고 있다.

다음 글을 우리말로 옮기시오. (30점)
Today’s elite is a long way from the rotten lot of West Egg. Compared to those of days past it is by and large more talented, better schooled, harder working (and more fabulously remunerated) and more diligent in its parental duties. It is not a place where one easily gets by on birth or connections alone. At the same time it is widely seen as increasingly hard to get into.
Some self-perpetuation by elites is unavoidable; the children of America’s top dogs benefit from nepotism just as those in all other societies do. But something else is now afoot. More than ever before, America’s elite is producing children who not only get ahead, but deserve to do so: they meet the standards of meritocracy better than their peers, and are thus worthy of the status they inherit.
This is partly the result of various admirable aspects of American society: the willingness of people to give money and time to their children’s schools; a reluctance to impose a uniform model of education across the country; competition between universities to build the most lavish facilities. Such traits are hard to object to, and even if one does object they are yet harder to do anything about. In aggregate, though, they increase the chances of wealthy parents passing advantage on to their children. In the long run that could change the way the country works, the way it thinks about itself, and the way that people elsewhere judge its claim to be an exceptional beacon of opportunity.

다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. (총 40점)
The switching of attention from one task to another, the toggling action, occurs in a region right behind the forehead called Brodmann’s Area 10 in the brain’s anterior prefrontal cortex, according to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study by Grafman’s team. Brodmann’s Area 10 is part of the frontal lobes, which “are important for maintaining long-term goals and achieving them,” Grafman explains. “The most anterior part allows you to leave something when it’s incomplete and return to the same place and continue from there.” This gives us a “form of multitasking,” he says, though it’s actually sequential processing. Because the prefrontal cortex is one of the last regions of the brain to mature and one of the first to decline with aging, young children do not multitask well, and neither do most adults over 60. New fMRI studies at Toronto’s Rotman Research Institute suggest that as we get older, we have more trouble “turning down background thoughts when turning to a new task,” says Rotman senior scientist and assistant director Cheryl Grady. “Younger adults are better at tuning out stuff when they want to,” says Grady. “I’m in my 50s, and I know that I can’t work and listen to music with lyrics; it was easier when I was younger.”
But the ability to multiprocess has its limits, even among young adults. When people try to perform two or more related tasks either at the same time or alternating rapidly between them, errors go way up, and it takes far longer―often double the time or more―to get the jobs done than if they were done sequentially, says David E. Meyer, director of the Brain, Cognition and Action Laboratory at the University of Michigan: “The toll
in terms of slowdown is extremely large―amazingly so.” Meyer frequently tests Gen M students in his lab, and he sees no exception for them, despite their “mystique” as master multitaskers. “The bottom line is that you can’t simultaneously be thinking about your tax return and reading an essay, just as you can’t talk to yourself about two things at once,” he says. “If a teenager is trying to have a conversation on an e-mail chat line while doing algebra, she’ll suffer a decrease in efficiency, compared to if she just thought about algebra until she was done. People may think otherwise, but it’s a myth. With such complicated tasks you will never, ever be able to overcome the inherent limitations in the brain for processing information during multitasking. It just can’t be, any more than the best of all humans will ever be able to run a one-minute mile.”