Pulpul Exam Practice

Kaiwa to Hyogen (JFT) concept book

Permission and Prohibition

Pattern ~te mo ii desu ka

The pattern 「〜てもいいですか」(〜te mo ii desu ka, may I ~?) is used to ask the listener for permission before doing an action. This pattern is often used in offices, shops, and public places.

How to form it:

  • Change the verb to the て form (te-kei): 食べる(たべる, to eat) → 食べて(たべて); 書く(かく, to write) → 書いて(かいて); 帰る(かえる, to go home) → 帰って(かえって).
  • Add 「も」: 食べても, 書いても, 帰っても.
  • Add 「いいですか」: 「食べてもいいですか」(たべてもいいですか, may I eat?).

This pattern attaches only to the て form. The dictionary form, the ない form, and the た form cannot be combined directly with 「〜てもいい」. For example, 開ける(あける, to open) must first become 開けて, so it becomes 「開けてもいいですか」(あけてもいいですか, may I open it?).

Answers to a request for permission are usually 「はい、どうぞ」(please go ahead) or 「はい、いいですよ」(yes, that is fine). To refuse, use the prohibition pattern 〜てはいけません (see the following concept).

The word 「いい」 in this pattern means 'may' and must be present as the predicate. The words 悪い(わるい, bad), 嫌(いや, disliked), or 高い(たかい, expensive) do not form the meaning of permission. The words 「ほしい」(ほしい, want to have) and 「みたい」(みたい, seems like) also cannot replace 「いい」.

The ending 「ですか」 turns the sentence into a question. 「〜てもいいです」 without か is a statement granting permission, usually from a superior to a subordinate. For example, 「ここで電話をかけてもいいですか」(ここででんわをかけてもいいですか, may I make a phone call here?) is a request, while 「〜てもいいです」 is the granting of permission. A sentence that only ends in 「ですか」 or uses 「ありますか」(ありますか, is there?) does not ask for permission.

The particle 「も」 is a fixed part of the 〜ても pattern. The particles 「は」, 「が」, or 「に」 are not part of this pattern.

Requesting permission from a superior also uses this pattern politely, for example 「資料を確認してもいいですか」(しりょうをかくにんしてもいいですか, may I check the documents?). The word 確認(かくにん, confirmation) is suitable for asking permission to verify something. To ask permission to leave early, use 「早く帰ってもいいですか」(はやくかえってもいいですか, may I go home early?). 「帰りましょうか」(かえりましょうか, shall we go home?) is a suggestion, and 「帰らないでください」(かえらないでください, please do not go home) is a prohibition, not permission. The form 「撮れる」(とれる, can take a photo) is the potential form expressing ability, and 「撮らない」 is a negative form, so neither is used in the permission pattern.

Distinguish from other patterns:

  • 「〜てから」 (after ~) expresses the order of actions, not permission. For example, 「食べてから」(たべてから, after eating).
  • 「〜なくてもいい」 (no need to ~) expresses that something is not required. For example, 「書かなくてもいいです」(かかなくてもいいです, you do not need to write).
  • 「〜ないでください」 (please do not ~) is a request for prohibition, and 「〜たら」 (when ~) is a condition. Neither is a permission pattern.
  • 「〜てはいけませんか」 asks whether an action is prohibited (isn't it forbidden?), and 「〜ましょうか」 is an offer. Both differ from 「〜てもいいですか」.

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Exams that include this subject: JFT-Basic