Pulpul Exam Practice

Kaiwa to Hyogen (JFT) concept book

Te-form of Verbs

Pola ~te kudasai (permintaan)

Pola 「〜てください」(〜te kudasai, please ...) is used to politely ask the listener to perform an action. The verb must first be changed into the て form, and then 「ください」 is added after it. Example: 「窓を開けてください」(まどをあけてください, please open the window).

The て form is formed from the dictionary form (辞書形, jishokei) according to its group:

  • Group I: う・つ・る → って (例: 待つ → 待って, 「まって」), む・ぶ・ぬ → んで (例: 読む → 読んで, 「よんで」), く → いて (例: 書く → 書いて, 「かいて」), ぐ → いで, す → して.
  • Group II: る → て (例: 食べる → 食べて, 「たべて」).
  • Irregular verbs: する → して, 来る → 来て.

Verbs in dictionary, negative, or past form do not form a request. Therefore, the forms 「書く」「書かない」「書いた」 cannot be used before 「ください」.

The verb 「歩く(あるく, to walk)」 also follows this pattern. Its て form 「歩いて(あるいて)」 is used for requests, for example 「まっすぐ歩いてください」(まっすぐあるいてください, please walk straight).

A request not to do something uses 「〜ないでください」(〜ないでください, please do not ...). Example: 「ここで写真を撮らないでください」(ここでしゃしんをとらないでください, please do not take photos here). Therefore, the form 「しない」 is not suitable for a positive request, and positive requests use 「してください」.

Do not confuse it with similar patterns:

  • 〜てもいいです (may ...) expresses permission.
  • 〜てはいけません (must not ...) expresses prohibition.
  • 〜なくてもいいです (do not have to ...) expresses the absence of an obligation.

The pattern 〜てください gives a polite command, not permission or prohibition.

To politely ask for help, 「〜てくれませんか」(〜te kuremasen ka, could you ...) is used. Example: 「少し手伝ってくれませんか」(すこしてつだってくれませんか, could you help me for a moment?). The listener performs the action for the speaker. This pattern differs in direction from 「〜てあげます」 and 「〜てもらいます」.

Pola ~te iru

~ています(~te imasu) is used to express an action that is in progress at the moment. The て form of the verb is followed by いる, which becomes polite as います. 例) 今、本を読んでいます(now I am reading a book). When asked 何をしていますか(what are you doing?), the answer uses the pattern ~ています, not the dictionary form or the た form.

  • ~ていません — the negative form of ~ています, which expresses that an action has not yet been done or a state has not yet begun. This pattern is often used together with まだ(still/not yet). 例) まだ宿題を終えていません(I have not finished my homework yet). A verb cannot take a double negation such as ~しないていません.
  • ~ている combined directly with the dictionary form or the negative form followed by いる is incorrect. Only the て form is correct. Incorrect example: 書くています → correct form 書いています.

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Exams that include this subject: JFT-Basic