Pulpul Exam Practice

Choukai (JLPT N5) concept book

Time Expressions (Hours, Days, Duration)

Time Expressions for Hours and Days

Time expressions for hours and days are ways of stating when something happens, namely hour (時, じ, hour), minute (分, ふん/ぷん, minute), day of the week (曜日, ようび, day of the week), and parts of the day such as morning, noon, and night. In the Choukai exam, questions usually use the question word 「何時(なんじ, what time)」 or 「いつ(when)」, so the correct answer must state the time clearly.

How to Read the Hours

  • 1時 いちじ, 2時 にじ, 3時 さんじ, 4時 よじ, 5時 ごじ, 6時 ろくじ, 7時 しちじ, 8時 はちじ, 9時 くじ, 10時 じゅうじ, 11時 じゅういちじ, 12時 じゅうにじ.
  • Some readings are irregular: 4時 よじ (not よんじ), 7時 しちじ (not ななじ), and 9時 くじ (not きゅうじ). The number 9 in kana form can also be written 「くじ」, and its meaning is still nine o'clock.
  • 半 はん (half) is used for the 30th minute: 9時半 くじはん (09.30 o'clock), 3時半 さんじはん (03.30 o'clock).
  • Markers for morning and evening: 午前 ごぜん (AM, before noon), 午後 ごご (PM, after noon), 朝 あさ (morning), 昼 ひる (midday), 夕方 ゆうがた (late afternoon), 夜 よる (night). Example: 夜の九時 よるのくじ (nine o'clock at night).

Time Particles

  • 〜時に (じに) — at a specific point in time, used with verbs such as 来ます・行きます. Example: 明日は七時に出かけます. This pattern is also used to answer 「何時に〜か」.
  • 〜時から (じから) — starting from a certain hour. Example: 会議は十時からです.
  • 〜時まで (じまで) — until a certain hour, stating a final limit or a duration. Example: 店は八時まで開いています.
  • 〜までに (までに) — by a certain time at the latest (deadline), used with verbs that indicate an action completed once. This differs from 〜まで, which states a range. Example: レポートは金曜日までに出してください.
  • 〜からは (からは) — from a certain time onward, used to state a condition that applies since that point. Example: 来週からは忙しくなります.
  • 〜ごろ (ごろ) — around a certain time, as an estimate. Example: 父は六時ごろ帰ります.
  • 〜まえに (まえに) — before doing something, followed by a dictionary-form verb. Example: 寝るまえに本を読みます.
  • 〜中 (ちゅう) — during or within a certain period of time. 今週中 こんしゅうちゅう means within this week, and 来週中 means within next week. Example: 今月中に返事をください.

Patterns for Requests and Time Information

  • 〜てください — asking someone to do something at a certain time. Example: 七時に来てください.
  • 〜にしてください — asking that something be set for a certain day or time. Example: 来週の火曜日にしてください.
  • 〜てもいいですか — asking permission to do something; the answer 「いいですよ」 means it is allowed. Example: 少し早く帰ってもいいですか.
  • 〜で おわります — stating the time when something ends, used with the verb 終わります (to end). Example: 会議は三時に終わります.
  • もう〜で おわります — already ends at that time, often used for services that close.
  • じかんが かわりました — the time has changed. To compare an old schedule with a new one, use 「前は〜でした」 (previously ...).

Days and Dates

  • 今日 きょう (today), 明日 あした (tomorrow), 明後日 あさって (the day after tomorrow), 昨日 きのう (yesterday), 今週 こんしゅう (this week), 来週 らいしゅう (next week), 先週 せんしゅう (last week).
  • Names of days: 月曜日 げつようび (Monday), 火曜日 かようび (Tuesday), 水曜日 すいようび (Wednesday), 木曜日 もくようび (Thursday), 金曜日 きんようび (Friday), 土曜日 どようび (Saturday), 日曜日 にちようび (Sunday).
  • The pattern 「〜にいます」 states presence on a certain day. Example: 日曜日に家にいます.

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Exams that include this subject: JLPT N5