Pulpul Exam Practice

Bunpou Dokkai (JLPT N4) concept book

The て Form and Expressions of Action Sequences

Pattern 〜ながら

The pattern 「〜ながら(while ...)」 is attached to 連用形(れんようけい, continuative form), that is, the ます form without ます. It expresses two actions that take place at the same time and are performed by the same person. The action with 〜ながら is the accompanying action, while the predicate at the end of the sentence is the main action. Correct forms: 見ます→見ながら(みながら, while looking), 聞きます→聞きながら(ききながら, while listening), 食べます→食べながら. The 辞書形(じしょけい, dictionary form), て形(てけい, te-form), た形(たけい, ta-form), and the potential form are not used directly with this pattern. In sentences with an object, the pattern that often appears is 「(名詞)を+動詞ます形+ながら+動詞」. New example: 「お茶を飲みながら本を読みます」 (while drinking tea, reading a book).

  • 〜ながら — while, expressing two simultaneous activities. 例) 歩きながら電話をします。 (while walking, making a phone call).
  • 〜ために — in order to, expressing purpose, not simultaneous activities. 例) 日本語を勉強するために本を買いました。
  • 〜ように — so that, or like. Not a simultaneous activity.
  • 〜たり — example of several actions (〜たり〜たりする), not two actions occurring at the same time.
  • 〜ないと — the result if an action is not done.
  • 〜ようと — intention or plan to do something.
  • 〜たばかり — has just been completed. 例) 起きたばかりです。
  • 〜ことにする — to decide to do something. 例) 来月から運動することにしました。
  • 〜たいので / 〜なら / 〜たので — respectively express a desire as a reason, a supposition, and a reason that has already occurred. Correct 〜ながら example: 「ニュースを聞きながら、ストレッチをします」 (while listening to the news, I stretch).

Pattern 〜ている

The pattern 〜ている has several meanings. In sentences that express habits, this pattern is used together with time expressions such as 毎日(まいにち, every day) for repeated activities.

  • 〜ている — is in progress. 例) 今、友だちに手紙を書いています。
  • 〜ていた — a state or activity that was in progress at a certain point in the past, usually with the pattern 〜ときには + 〜ていた. 例) 家に帰ったとき、弟はゲームをしていました。
  • まだ〜ていません — has not yet done something. 例) まだ宿題を出していません。
  • 〜ようにしている — making continuous effort, or a habit that is maintained. 例) 毎晩、日記を書くようにしています。

Differences in the 〜ようにする forms: 〜ようにしています (effort currently being made), 〜ようにしました (has started to make an effort), 〜ようにしよう (intention for the future), and 〜ようにしていた (effort in the past). Other forms that are often confused: 〜つもり (plan), 〜でしょう (guess about the future), and 〜たばかり (has just finished). For repeated activities such as 毎日 + 行っています, the 〜ている form remains the correct one.

Pattern 〜ておく

The pattern 〜ておく is used for an action done in advance as preparation for a later situation. Its common forms are 〜ておきます (polite), 〜ておいた (past), and 〜ておいてください (a request for someone to prepare something).

  • For preparing what is needed for tomorrow. 例) 明日の会議のために資料をコピーしておきます。
  • For placing or storing something as preparation. 例) 牛乳を冷蔵庫(れいぞうこ, refrigerator)に入れておきます。
  • For cooking or preparing food in advance. 例) 夕食のおかずを作っておきます。

Distinguish 〜ておく from other patterns that are often confused:

  • 〜てしまう — expresses completion or regret, not preparation.
  • 〜てあげる — doing something for another person, not for oneself.
  • 〜てみる — trying to do something.
  • 〜ていた — a state or activity that continued in the past, without the meaning of preparation.

Pattern 〜てform and Sequence of Actions

The て形(てけい, te-form) is formed from verbs. Examples: 書く→書いて, 食べる→食べて, する→して, 来る→来て. This form is used to link several actions in one sentence, and it also serves as the basis for auxiliary verbs such as 〜ておく, 〜てもらう, and 〜てみる.

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Exams that include this subject: JLPT N4